Intercultural Communication Essay - 275 Words

Intercultural Communication (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionCourseDateIntercultural CommunicationIntercultural Communication is a concept that has been subjected to debate for many years. According to Scott Kiesling's study, community speech involves the set rules and interpretation of expression in a given community. It involves people who share similar norms and regulations within a community set up. The Kuna tribe and the North American fraternity are both speech communities, but they are quite different.Social integration is an influential factor in defining the speech community and the participants. For instance, in sporting activities, people may use a particular language in communication. The choice of the language does not mean that all the participants are bound to the same language. All languages have their recognizable ways of speaking.Speech event can help in defining Speech acts in a community. For example, in conversations new terms can be borrowed from a different language. In the Kuna gathering i nvolved integration of two cultures. The two cultures have little in common. The speech events help to bring out the common aspects they have in common. The gathering of the Kuna shows that in the same community there exist disparities in language communication.In addition, the fraternity meetings act as the social life of students. The members of the fraternity live like brothers. Although these members live as brothers, there exist diverse culture and cultural communication among themselves. Fraternity members organize themselves into smaller groups with the same speech community. However, some informal groups within the same fraternity may share the sam... Intercultural Communication Essay - 275 Words Intercultural Communication (Essay Sample) Content: Insert nameLecturers nameCourseDateIntercultural communicationQ 1. Similarities and differences between members of the same cultural groupVarious communities across the world have different cultures, beliefs as well as tradition. However, each community can be holding different perception from another community in relation to their culture and feel. However, each member of a particular community adjusts differently to cultural influence in the society. For instance, the Muslim culture is one that has the majority of followers across the entire world but they have varied perception in relation to culture, tradition as well as believe. From my region of my residence, I have Muslim friends, and others are residing in my neighborhood.Their significant similarities as a Muslim community are that they both share the same religion and believe. In addition, they read the same Curran as their holy book. Moreover, they worship the same day and follow the same procedure o f activities carried out by the Muslim community all across the world. Moreover, Muslims community does not eat pork because they believe that pigs were cursed long time, and this makes them view it like a demon. In addition, they have a substantial unity and brotherhood, this unity is bonded when they are still young as they attend once or twice a week lessons called Madrasa. Their dressing mode is also similar across the world that has different meanings. For instance, Muslims girls cover their face leaving only the nose and mouth meaning indicating youthfulness. Their women wear the long dresses covering the entire body as a pure with respect.However, the Muslim community has diversified cultural beliefs as well as communication. For instance, some Muslims communities believe that when a member dies in a Jihad death, they go to heaven that is not true to some of them (Cai). Some of them also think that killing people is not a sin, and they take it so lightly, but the same act is strongly condemned in some Muslim communities for example terrorism. However, the two communities still exist and hold their culture strongly because of Curran, which they hold as their primary simple of unity.Q.2The two intercultural tactics that let to ineffective cross-cultural communication include;Monism and relativismMonism states that the right to one's culture produces ethnocentrism. That is; it majorly base on the views of that specific persons culture. In the film, Detectives Waters and Ria are seen arriving at the place of a shootout between two drivers. Whereby the surviving shooter is a white male while the dead killer is a black man, both are undercover police officers. When the detectives report the matter, they dont want the large amount of cash that is found in the officer's trunk to be mentioned. In addition to that, it is the third time the white officer has killed a black man without any action taken.Relativism on the other hand usually calls for toleranc e for diversity of the culture as it generates tolerance ...

Homo Erectus Colonization in Europe

Geoarchaeologists working on the coast of the North Sea of Britain at Pakefield in Suffolk, England have discovered artifacts suggesting that our human ancestor Homo erectus arrived in northern Europe much earlier than previously thought. Homo Erectus in England According to an article published in Nature on December 15, 2005, an international team led by Simon Parfitt of the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain  (AHOB) project has discovered 32 pieces of black flint debitage, including a core and retouched flake, in alluvial sediments dated to about 700,000 years ago. These artifacts represent the debris created by flintknapping, the manufacture of a stone tool, possibly for butchering purposes. The flint chips were recovered from four separate places within the channel fill deposits of a stream bed which in-filled during the inter-glacial period of the Early Pleistocene. This means that the artifacts were what archaeologists call out of primary context. In other words, fill in stream channels comes from soils moved downstream from other places. The occupation site—the site where the flintknapping took place—may be just a little upstream, or quite a ways upstream, or may, in fact, have been completely destroyed by movements o f the stream bed. Nevertheless, the location of the artifacts in this old channel bed does mean that the artifacts must be at least as old as the channel fill; or, according to researchers, at least 700,000 years ago. The Oldest Homo Erectus The oldest known Homo erectus site outside of Africa is Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia, dated to approximately 1.6 million years ago. Gran Dolina in the Atapuerca valley of Spain includes evidence of Homo erectus at 780,000 years ago. But the earliest known Homo erectus site in England prior to the discoveries at Pakefield is Boxgrove, only 500,000 years old. The Artifacts The artifact assemblage, or rather assemblages since they were in four separate areas, include a core fragment with several hard-hammer percussion flakes removed from it and a retouched flake. A core fragment is the term used by archaeologists to mean the original hunk of stone from which flakes were removed. Hard hammer means the flintknappers used a rock to bang on the core to get flattish, sharp-edged chips called flakes. Flakes produced in this manner may be used as tools, and a retouched flake is a flake that shows evidence of this use. The rest of the artifacts are unretouched flakes. The tool assemblage is probably not Acheulean, which includes handaxes, but is characterized in the article as Mode 1. Mode 1 is a very old, simple technology of flakes, pebble tools, and choppers made with hard hammer percussion. Implications Since at the time England was connected to Eurasia by a land bridge, the Pakefield artifacts dont imply that Homo erectus needed boats to get to the North Sea coastline. Neither does it imply that Homo erectus originated in Europe; the oldest Homo erectus are found at Koobi Fora, in Kenya, where a long history of earlier hominin ancestors is also known. Interestingly, the artifacts from the Pakefield site also do not imply that Homo erectus adapted to a cooler, chillier climate; during the time period in which the artifacts were deposited, the climate in Suffolk was balmier, closer to the Mediterranean climate traditionally considered the climate of choice for Homo erectus. Homo erectus or heidelbergensis? The Nature article merely says early man, referring to either Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis. Basically, H. heidelbergensis is still very enigmatic, but may be a transitional stage between H. erectus and modern humans or a separate species. There are no hominid remains recovered from Pakefield as of yet, so the people who lived at Pakefield may have been either one. Resources and Further Reading Parfitt, Simon L. The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature 438, Renà © W. Barendregt, Marzia Breda, et al., Nature, December 14, 2005. Roebroeks, Wil. Life on the Costa del Cromer. Nature 438, Nature, December 14, 2005. An unsigned article in British Archaeology titled Hunting for the first humans in Britain and dated 2003 describes the work of AHOB. The December 2005 issue of British Archaeology has an article on the findings. Thanks to members of BritArch for their additions.

The Dual Legacies Of Discrimination Against Ethnic...

movement. The dual legacies of discrimination against ethnic minorities and the country’s uneven economic development have created strong support in non-Persian areas for political reform. During recent presidential elections, the non-Persian electorate tilted heavily toward the reformist wing. Support for democratic political change among Iran’s ethnic minorities is likely to persist so long as the country’s periphery remains an economic backwater. Although the Iranian economy has been growing, the symptoms of underdevelopment remain acute in Iran’s ethnic enclaves. Discrimination, compounded by poor economic conditions, could motivate ethnic groups to challenge the Iranian government in the future. A combination of state-sponsored suppression of Azeri sentiment (during the Pahlavi rule) and a massive integration movement toward the Iranian mainstream (under the Islamic regime) has prevented the rise of ethnic nationalism in the northwest. As a result, th ere has been the crystallization of an overarching sense of Iranian nationalism, which has been skillfully manipulated and intertwined with allegiance to the tenets of Shi‘i Islam, which makes a universal devotion to Iranian national identity possible. The bloody past with the Arabs, Iran’s historic enemy, cemented the feeling of Iranian Iran Ethnic Conflicts 10 nationalism that was able to overshadow ethnic nationalism across the nascent Islamic Republic. Iranian ethnic groups united in the face of an Arab invasionShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD AllenRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pageslive longer GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2010 Contents Business review P08–P57 Governance and remuneration P58–P101 Financial statements P102–P191 Shareholder information P192–P212 Business review 2010 Performance overview Research and development Pipeline summary Products, competition and intellectual property Regulation Manufacturing and supply World market GSK sales performance Segment reviews Responsible business Financial review 2010 Financial position and resources Financial reviewRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIonRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesis the process of aggressive selling and promotion to encourage the purchase of products that might otherwise be unsought by the consumer Answer: C Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 5) ________ goods constitute the bulk of most countries production and marketing efforts. A) Durable B) Impulse C) Physical D) Luxury E) Intangible Answer: C Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 6) As economies advance, a growing proportion of their activities focuses on the production

Study Questions free essay sample

Answer each question fully. Complete sentences are not necessary, but some questions may require more than one sentence to answer them fully. Lesson 1 (4. 0 points) 1. What is the best method for touch typing using a QWERTY keyboard? (1. 0 points)home row method. 2. Which two keys can delete text when theyre pressed? (1. 0 points)Backspace and delete. 3. What are at least two things you can do to improve your keyboarding skills? (2. 0 points)Practice frequently, and make sure your fingers type the right keys theyre assigned to. Lesson 2 (5. 0 points) 1. What is freeware? (1. 0 points)A software that you dont have to pay to use. 2. Writer is what type of software program? (1. 0 points)Open Office 3. Where does a file extension appear? (1. 0 points)At the end of the file name. 4. What is the file extension of a Writer file? (1. 0 points)odt. 5. On an envelope, where should you put the return address? (1. 0 points)Upper left corner. Lesson 3 (5. God’s purpose was deliberate not a byproduct. His purpose was to provide a place for man. Whereas, the Babylonian version has depicted that man was created to serve them. God is depicted to be magnanimous and the Babylonian gods to be greedy and selfish. The similarities between the two presentations of the cosmic beginnings are thus; the world and man were created. The J account is similar in order of creation to that of the Babylonian. 3. ) What levels of meaning can be found in Genesis 2. 4-3. 24? The levels of meaning that can be discerned from Genesis 2. 4-3. 24 are the origins of how and from what man was created. Upon creation of man God establishes the hierarchy (God/man/animals). The verses tell of how man was lonely and God created woman. Outlined is the bond between man and woman and what the expectations are of a husband and wife at the time of entering marriage. Reflected upon are the concepts of sin, temptation, choice, and good versus evil. The passages also bring to light the subjects of disobedience and consequences for one’s actions. Also, revealed in the text is the location of the Garden of Eden. The rivers named provide landmarks and a geological location. Once again, God’s might is established by His actions to create life and establish laws that govern man. 4. )Compare the two accounts of creation in Genesis 1-3. What are the differences in order, style and vocabulary? In the two comparisons of creation depicted in Genesis 1-3 there are several accounts that differentiate. P is written in a manner that tells all of creation step by step and how God did it. P focuses on God being omniscient and creation. J is written in a folklore manner. It focuses on the human view of creation, mainly, the moral and psychological aspects. P shows God in a celestial view, whereas J shows Him to be more human and fallible, that man’s relationship with God is troubled. The sequence of creation differs also. P is written in a manner that supports one part was created to support another part, to sustain life. However, J‘s cornerstone of creation is that one aspect was created because of the other (i. e. , man, animals, then woman). The wording of J and P are altered also. P refers to the Almighty’s name as God. J lists his name as YHWH and refers to Him as the Lord God. J also reverses phrases which changes the focus and therefore making the phrase and meaning more down-to-earth. 5. )How did the biblical writers make use of ancient Near Eastern mythology in their accounts of creation? The biblical writers made use of ancient Near Eastern mythology in several ways. The mythology/fables of the ancient text are often aligned with that of the biblical scripture. However, the text of the two sources also conflict. Both accounts of creations give contribute to a deity. Ancient mythology gives credit to gods and goddesses who are often written to be in battle or conflict and the end result is creation, whereas, Biblical writers give all credit to God. The theologies, mythology, and biblical accounts, give explanations that begin with contingent events that make creation its outcome. Both accounts characterize chaos before the creation. The two versions agree on the chronological order of creation. The Sabbath day is original to Biblical text even through its origins are obscure. There has been no distinct text for Near Eastern mythology that contradicts the Biblical tale. Chapter 4 1. )What are the data that led scholars to arrive at the Documentary Hypothesis? How does the Documentary Hypothesis explain this data? The argument over the material that is comprised of the first five books of the Bible and that Moses was the author is speculated to be hypothetical. The data that led scholars to arrive at the Documentary Hypothesis points out that there is no evidentiary support or documentation to back up the information claimed in the first five books. The Documentary Hypothesis includes repetition, shows similarities, reflects inconsistences, and denotes contradictions. The data that supports the Documentary Hypothesis are four source documents, called J (Yahwist), E (Elohist), D (Deuteronomic), and P (Priestly). The main inconsistency that gives rise to the isolation of different sources of Genesis was the deviation of God’s name before the time of Moses. This enabled scholars to identify the other characteristics and single them out. 2. )What are the principle characteristics and themes of the four documents or sources? The principal characteristic of the J source are that it has anthropomorphic ways. God appears to be friendly and forth coming towards man. The main theme found is the ternary promise made to Abraham of land, descendants, and blessings. J source is considered to be the greatest of all the sources because it can be read almost continuously in its narrative. The primary characteristic found in the E source is that God is referred to as being remote. His contact with man is made through their dreams or by divine messengers. E source has a convoluted theme due to its fragmented nature. The third source, D, has a primary characteristic that reflects contradiction. For the name of the mountain of revelation it lists Horeb instead of Sinai. This source’s theme is the emphasis on prophecy. The last of the four documents is P. This document implies that God is absolute but remote. He does not appear, but is referred to manifest in his â€Å"glory†. P’s theme places emphasis on religious observance and rituals. Also, it outlines dietary concerns and the practice of circumcision. 3. )What are the principle themes of the J and P sources of Genesis 4-11? How do they differ, and how are they similar? The main themes that can be discerned from Genesis 4-11 from the J and P sources are that the J source is the threefold promise made to Abraham of land, descendants, and blessings, whereas the P source’s theme is the emphasis on prophecy, but includes genealogy, numbers, dates and laws. The difference between J source and the P source is that they portray God in opposite spectrums. J shows God to be â€Å"humanlike† in his ways. P source implies that God is absolute but remote. He does not appear at all. While J reveals the covenant with Abraham, P has a series of covenants. The sources are also differentiated by their accounts of creation. The chronological sequence differs. J portrays the event from folklore like perspective. P tells that the event happened in a grand sequence. The sources are similar in the aspect that they lay foundations. J relates to the origins of mankind. P has the order and system by which we identify religious rites and observances. Both sources list genealogies and accounts of the flood. . )How are these themes connected with the accounts of creation in Genesis 1-3? The J and P sources are connected with the accounts of creation in Genesis 1-3 by the following themes; the condition of the world before creation, the sequence of creation, the manner of creation, and how God is viewed. In either version, P or J, it explains how the Almighty creates a world and brings to life its inha bitants from complete and utter chaos. Both chronicles, even though they differ in the order, show how God is responsible for the creation and that He is the top of the hierarchy. The manner in which He created either by word or act, still reflects back to show that He is all powerful. J relates to the origins of mankind. P relates to the law. In Genesis 1-3, God is setting the stage of how he wants man to view Him, He is absolute, and what laws/rituals He wants man to follow. P and J vastly differ on how God is viewed. One account shows Him as transcendent, the other as more human. Either way they reflect Him as the one and only God. Chapter 5 1. )What are the principle themes of J, E, and P in Genesis 12-50? The principal theme for J in Genesis 12-50 is the three-fold promise of land, decedents, and blessings. The theme for E is that is places importance on the land (sanctuary) for Abraham and is decedents. The theme for the P source shows the progression history through the genealogy of Abraham’s line. All themes are tied together by the primary promise which is back by evidentiary support from the other verses. God continuously blesses Abraham and his descendants as long as they follow His commands and the Lord stays pleased with them. God blesses Abraham with sons. Each of those sons, Ishmael and Isaac, he creates nations from both. Ishmael begot the twelve tribes and Isaac begot the decedents of the land of Israel, hence, the birth of the Muslims and the Jews. 2. )Does the Documentary Hypothesis fully explain the questions of similar stories in Genesis 12-50? Why or why not? The Documentary Hypothesis is only able to explain partially why the stories are similar. Formed criticism gives credence to the why of the Documentary Hypothesis with its explanation of an etiological narrative. The passages of Genesis 12-50 strive to define Abraham’s geology, the geographical location in which it took place, and establish religious customs. However, the reason it does not fully explain why the stories are similar/repetitious can be accredited to the tribes that were closely associated with Abraham and his sons, but not in close communication with one another and did not ally until later. Another reason given was the fact that it may have been done to reiterate the preservation of traditions, and methods of how they were passed from generation to generation. 3. )What kinds of analysis can be used to further understanding of these passages and their relationships to each other? The passages of Genesis 12-50 are passages that center on the patriarchs, matriarchs, and their offspring. The verses tell through Abraham and his descendants the blessings of God and His plan for his people. It reflects that God is in communication with His chosen. The analysis of the passages shows two themes that occur. The first theme is God’s plan being realized by testing and guiding His followers. Then end result was the establishment of Israel. The second theme that is brought to light is of exile and return. This theme is important and plays a role throughout the Bible. It depicts the Lord’s displeasure with man’s disobedience. It also gives insight to the trials and tribulations one must endure to become closer to God. 4. )How do the passages contribute to the larger narrative of genesis? The passages of Genesis 12-50 contribute to the larger narrative of Genesis due to the interaction between God and man. The verses reveal that God has a plan. He keeps His promises, and He communicates with man. In Genesis 1-3 God lays the foundation of the world. As the chapters unfold God’s plan is revealed. The scripture of Genesis 12-50 tells disobedience by man and the resulting consequence of expulsion. This reiterates the disobedience and expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Also, they reflect that when His chosen do as He asks He favors them and gives them guidance. The passages show different methods of how God can commune with us. Genesis 12-50 shows that He appeared in dreams, divine deity’s, and directly. 5. )Discuss the importance of the Ugaritic texts for understanding both the ancestral narratives and the religion of the ancestors. The Ugaritic texts give us insight into the Canaanite religion. The text is told in epic tales and myths. The Ugaritic text is important because it sheds light on the surroundings, ways of life, and practices that took place during the era in which the Hebrew Bible was written. The discovery of the text enlightened scholars to the religion of ancient Israel. What was known of the Canaanite religion at the time of discovery was vastly transformed. An example of the similarities between the text and the Hebrew Bible is the procedure of circumcisions which reflects the writings and commands of God. In the text Yahweh refers to himself as El. , which was the Canaanite God of Abraham and his descendants. 6. )Discuss the theme of the exile and return in the book of Genesis. The theme of exile and return in the book of Genesis is first set in Genesis 1-11 with the expulsion of man from the Garden of Eden. It plays a significant role throughout the following chapters. In Genesis 12-50 the exile and return lead up to the climatic Exodus with Moses. The theme of exile and return is a recurrent subject matter between the geographical sites of Egypt, Israel, and Mesopotamia. On a grander scale, the theme of exile and return in the book of Genesis is setting the stage for God’s plan to set His people free from oppression and to the promise land through Moses. One point of view shows that exile and return as a consequence of action. Another view is that it is a necessary sufferance to bring about God’s plan.

Thomas Jefferson Essays (491 words) - Thomas Jefferson,

Thomas Jefferson Jefferson had destroyed political traditions. From his contradictions and defecting his priciples, Jefferson destroyed the political precedent and is a exemplatory hypocrite, which can be seen throughout his administration. Jefferson was an admired statesman who was grappling unsuccessfully with the moral issue of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence, opposed slavery his whole life, yet he never freed his own slaves. He championed Enlightenment principles, yet never freed himself of the prejudices of his soceity. Jefferson was extremely hypocritical in the issue of slavery. Jefferson was a plantation owner early in his life, and had slaves working for him throughout his life. Jefferson had tolerated while he didn't accept others who owned slaves. Jefferson denounced the slave owners, while he was owning and using slaves. Although Jefferson was supposedly a good slave owner, his hypocritical nature made him accuse others not to own slaves while he, himself was owning slaves. Another part of the hypocrisy was that Jefferson believed that the slaves were dependent upon the white man, while he, himself was dependent upon the slaves. Jefferson also was hypocritcal in his acquisition of the Loisiana territory. In Jeffersonian principles, large expansive governments were bad, and small was good. This was a antithesis of that principle. Jefferson knew that the acquisition of the Loisiana territory was beneficial to the welfare of the U.S. According to the constitution, nowhere in the constitution is the acquisition of land a right of the government, Jeffersons' predisposition was to strictly go by the constitution (as seen with the national bank controversy), this is another contradiction during his administration. Since the appropriation of the Lousiana territory was important for the expansion of the united states, he temporarily dismissed his principles, therefore destroying political traditions. Another hypocritical event during Jeffersons' administration was his acceptance of the National Bank. Early in Jefferson's political career, Jefferson had debated with Hamilton on whether to have the National Bank. "When this government was first established, it was possible to have kept it going on true principles, but the contracted, English, half-lettured ideas of Hamilton destroyed that hope in the bud, We can pay off his debts in 15 years." Early in Jefferson's Administration, Jefferson had denounced the National Bank. At the end of his administration, Jefferson realized that the National Bank was important and this is hypocritical by disregarding his principles. The Burr conspiracy depicted Jefferson as a ruthless, and a individual who will do anything inorder to achieve his goal. Jefferson championed civil liberties and unalienable rights. Yet, Jefferson violated civil liberties by coercing witnesses, arrested with out habeus corpus and prosecuting in a "court" of his own. Jefferson and Jeffersonians are hypocrites from the start and they destroyed political tradition as seen during Jeffersons' administration. Jeffersonians show an immense amount of hypocritism in their policies. For example, Federalists had supported high tarriffs, inorder to protect national manufacturers and american industry. The tarriffs were a vital determinent, which kept the economy of the United States viable. The Jeffersonians, not the Federalists began the American system of protecting american industry which initially was a major constituent of the federalist platform.

Tivo 2008 Strategic management

Tivo 2008 Strategic management History and growth TiVo Company is an American corporation with a basic duty in the advertising and promotion services for its Tivo marked digital video recorder. TiVo mainly functions in the US and as well in New Zealand, Australia, Mexico, the UK, and Canada among other countries. Barton together with Ramsay established TiVo Inc. in 1997 as Teleworld Corporation. They were experts from digital video organisations.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Tivo 2008: Strategic management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Teleworld started the initial free tests of the TiVo tool and provision in 1998. Subsequent to the presentation at Consumer Electronics Show in early 1999, Mike Ramsay declared to the corporation that the initial edition of the TiVo digital recorder could embark in 1999, in spite of an approximated four months of operation left to complete the tool. Teleworld Corporation was changed to TiVo Inc. before 20 00. TiVo Company had its initial public offering (IPO) in late 1999. The initial TiVo tool digitised and condensed analogue video from all bases. At the beginning of 2000, the TiVo Company joined hands with Thomson who was a producer as well as a newscaster with Sky Broadcasting to convey TiVo services in the United Kingdom. This joint venture brought about PVR10UK, which is a detached receiver that came into the market in late 2000. Before the close of 2000, the very first DirecTV receiver that incorporated TiVo DVR entered into the market, thus bringing about a novel gadget that was named DirecTiVo. This novel gadget hoarded digital signals received straight from DirectTV. Following reduced transactions, TiVo withdrew from the markets in the United Kingdom in early 2003. Formally, their production agreement ended; nevertheless, the withdrawal was more probably owing to the introduction of a DVR invention similar to the TiVo by Sky, which was the sole dispenser of TiVo in the Unite d Kingdom. The DVR invention started by Sky was given the name Sky+ and was intensely advertised to their clients. This product by Sky is up to now dominant in the United Kingdom and the market currently has more than 6 million customers. In mid 2004, TiVo filed a case against EchoStar Company for copyright violation. EchoStar Company was producing DVR components. In 2011, the two companies were able to reach a consensus where EchoStar gave TiVo Company a fee for employing its expertise.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In mid 2005, expert media director, Tom Rogers, was taken up as the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) and the chairman of TiVo Company. Tom, who was a member of the board of directors from 2003, succeeded Mike Ramsay (a co-founder of the company). In the course of the headship of Tom, TiVo was in a position to advance from a mere DVR producer into a full in-home televise, cable, as well as wideband media centre and a supporter of the conventional media industries with its novel promotion resolutions and TV capacity services. In 2006, the Tivo Company was the proud winner of an Emmy Award due to exceptional novelty and accomplishment in sophisticated media expertise. In late 2009, TiVo Company re-gained access in the United Kingdom markets through declaration of an association with a cable corporation in the country, Virgin Media. This association turned out to be the special supplier of Top Box software program in addition to consumer interface package for the next cohort TV platform for Virgin Media. In late 2010, there was a publicised affirmation by Virgin Media of the availability of their initial PVR operating TiVo software system, which is obtainable in even over 500GB designs. From 2012, Virgin Media boasts of more than 678,000 customers of TiVo in the United Kingdom markets (Hill and Jones 224). This aspect represents an increase of more than 243,000 when judged against the preceding quarter, equivalent to almost 20 per cent of the entire customer base of TVs by Virgin Media. In early 2010, Microsoft registered a case against TiVo Company for copyright violation. Nevertheless, the two corporations agreed to terminate the case in 2012. Internal Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths TiVo Company boasts of an incomparable reputation in addition to powerful brand name identification since even the expression â€Å"Tivoing† is now the applicable expression for DVR recording employed by clients despite the gadget being utilised. The TiVo interface is identified as the most customer-friendly and it encompasses the most developed attributes of the market in the present day. TiVo has established several licensing accords internally as well as externally with different corporations for the application of its expertise as well as services. TiVo has as well exclusive patents on its expertise and has curr ently managed to win significant legal wars initiated by its competitors (Hill and Jones 224).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Tivo 2008: Strategic management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, TiVo has all it takes to take its services to Asia, the United States, and Europe since the international market is an unexploited one leaving room for new advancement. Since a lot of DVR disk drives are produced in Asia, a lot needs to be done in the quest to decrease transport as well as production costs in the markets in Asia. Additionally, TiVo Company will significantly gain from the acquirement of smaller competitors since it will boost its operations. Weaknesses The products and services of the TiVo Company have proved to be more costly when judged against those of its competitors. The competitors of TiVo Company now supply DVR without any cost for the initial year of subscription, and sometimes at very ch eap prices. The clients of TiVo Company are forced to buy a DVR and cater for a subscription charge for every month. The competitors of TiVo Company have a benefit since they can produce a gadget encompassing both the receiver and the coordination with low charges for the clients. This aspect has brought about a reduction of about two million subscriptions for the year 2012 as well as enormous losses in the annual financial statements. Court cases have as well had an impact on the profits of the company and have restricted new licensing accords with corporations that chose to wait for the results of the cases pertaining copyrights to prevent legal jumble. High-speed Internet in conjunction with new expertise has brought about optional grounds for clients to have an access to the media. Upcoming expertise has led to the upshot of new rivals generating additional difficulties in the operations of TiVo Company (Hill and Jones 226). Competitors keep on initiating new gadgets as well as software that greatly affects the sales of TiVo Company as well as its reputation as the leading company internationally. External environment surrounding TiVo The external surroundings of TiVo present different concerns that could have significant influences in the strategic inclination of the company. The external influences to the company are explained below.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political/Legal With respect to the capacity to change the conveyed shows, there exists a lot of unresolved intellectual property. Moreover, there exist outstanding legal matters with the Internet, mostly with YouTube, presenting patented material devoid of the authorisation of the possessor (Hill and Jones 227). Copyright cases are presently proceeding in expertise with regard to copyright implementation and the way corporations are capable of disclosing them. In brief, the political as well as the legal environments around TiVo Company functions are normally in an instable mode and demands persistent checking and scrutinising. Economic The greater section of the globe is at a downturn thereby translating into minimal income to afford a lavishness gadget like a DVR. All the merchandise supplied by TiVo Company are classified as extravagance items since a DVR is not required to utilise or watch a TV, or have access to the materials in the Internet. As revealed, clients have to pay a minimum of 100 US dollars in the initial gadget and continue to pay a standard charge of 20 dollars for every month as the amount for subscription. When acquired via a cable supplier, the client is required to subscribe with about 3 dollars each month in addition to the price for acquiring the DVR. Even if the current economic estimates have affirmed that the economy of the United Kingdom is in a rising inclination, growth will be sluggish to average in the near future. Socio-cultural and Demographic The period of the rising population is approximately 45 years. In addition, this population is less technically knowledgeable when compared to cohorts below it. The largest user demographic of the merchandise of TiVo Company is aged between 25 and 45 years (Hill and Jones 228). TiVo particularly centres on those aged around 35 years when introducing new products and services. From the foundation of TiVo Company in 1999, the targeted population has turned out to be a very advanced exper tise user and has in turn compelled TiVo to raise the profundity and extent of expertise in their services and merchandise. Technological The application as well as comprehension of DVR is extensive all through the US and the United Kingdom. Some other nations are stuck in the introductory stages of the same. Expertise has made even the standard home setting computerised in a bid to imitate the necessary DVR practicality. In addition, the TV buy phase has shortened due to modernisations in expertise, kinds of offers, and quicker reductions in costs. The expertise presented in a separate TV component usually depicts practicality set in a computer (Hill and Jones 228). Porter’s Five Forces Influence of Buyers With the current availability of hardware and software, there has been swapping convenience for buyers. More suppliers of cable services offer the products and services like the ones offered by TiVo and at a better rate. This has generated severe rivalry. This has proved t hat buyers do not just go for high quality when it comes to better rates. Influence of suppliers Forward incorporation by manufacturers currently exists. There exists many suppliers in the marketplaces that are supplying hardware that is similar to the one offered by TiVo. Threats of entrants The ranges of operation of TiVo are two fold. These are namely: hardware and software operations. The enactment of the company on its copyrights has played a key role in keeping off the treats of new entrants with respect to hardware design and expertise. With regard to software, there are low capital demands thus making the threat of new entrant higher when judged against hardware. Nevertheless, TiVo has maintained its strength in the market and has retained a great market share. Threat of Substitutes The market has turned out to be very fragmented with competitors providing products that vary slightly with those of TiVo. Nevertheless, these products are taken to be similar by the buyers since they serve the same purpose. Force of competitive rivalry The saturation in the market has brought about high competition, which in return translates to reduced profits since suppliers demand cost effectiveness. The copyright lawsuits are sluggish and expensive ad has therefore led to creation of partnerships and alliances. Nevertheless, the expression â€Å"TiVo† has turned out to be changeable with DVR and thus the company has managed to retain competitive advantage. SWOT analysis The brand name for TiVo Company is internationally identified for excellence and novelty. Nevertheless, the setting of the industry has noticeably revolutionised in the recent past and the company encounters difficulties as it keeps on loosing clients, money, and market dominance. Fresh expertise has come up offering optional stages for accessing media through the Internet as well as competitors supplying products and services at extremely low prices comparing to the prices offered by TiVo Compan y (Hill and Jones 229-236). The SWOT analysis below underscores the strengths and weaknesses of TiVo Company and shows where to concentrate its precedence to guarantee financial achievement. Strengths Customer service Good brand image Product quality Versatile High client increase rates Joined forces with a lot of large reputable players for fast entry and growth in the United States and United Kingdom Several possible income streams Still capable of drawing fresh capital Weaknesses Financial support Monthly pricing plan Promotion Electronic trade High market development Market research statistics Replay is attracting most legal consideration Subsidised content Opportunities Distinctive attributes Interactivity Overdependence on partners Single suppliers for major product elements Threats DVD recorders imitate) Legal difficulties Legislative plan could limit opportunities Low barricades to entry (expertise is simple to ReplayTV Reputable players in long-established ma rkets are rooted and will execute defensive schemes to defend their market dominance (eroding traditional tactical fragment obstacles) UltimateTV VCR Numerous competitors – a lot of them are heavy weights Corporate-level strategy Currently, the vision of TiVo is â€Å"to be a leading provider of technology and services for advanced television solutions, including digital video recorders and in the future non-DVR set-top boxes and connected televisions.† Its mission is â€Å"to redefine home entertainment by providing consumers with an easy and intuitive way to record, watch, and control television and receive videos, pictures, and movies from cable, broadcast, and broadband sources.† With the varying customer tendencies, this statement is exceedingly constricted. In a bid to increase its information base and assist in changing its corporate-level strategy, TiVo Company should expand its mission and vision statements and increase the degree of skill of its board. The company has started pursuing this strategy by increasing its board members from 6 to 9. Additionally, the company is looking for and choosing board fellows from the software sector to assist in boosting its knowledge profoundly and make improvements. Board members that have prior experience are as well being hunted from hardware providers (such as Motorola) to help with incorporation (Hill and Jones 229). Moreover, it could be useful to hire a board member who has experience in promotion and particularly in the Asia Pacific area with knowledge in international growth into the upcoming markets. With TiVo Inc. starting the execution practice, the meetings of the board members will have to increase with greater frequency (for instance, after a fortnight) to undertake discussions in a bid to remain abreast of the execution progression and scrutinise competition more strongly. Visits being carried out by members of the board to various facilities and meeting workers in person will go a long way in enhancing a sense of worth and assurance all through the change and disruption period. Lastly, to generate a feeling of confidence, the company is seeking to augment its degree of transparency of management judgments and tactical trend. Business-level strategy For single-business companies like Tivo, their â€Å"business-level strategy is identical to corporate- level strategy† (Hill and Jones 216).The poor sales encountered by the company in 1999 became precious lesson to its promotion team. This encounter acted as the medium that generated the necessity for a novel communication approach by the company. Nevertheless, describing this novel promotion campaign was difficult, particularly subsequent to the response obtained concerning the products that illustrated issues like restricted responsiveness and difficult to communicate practicalities. The major objective of the novel promotion campaign is to choose a positioning policy that will quicken the acc eptance of TiVo and its products and services by customers (Hill and Jones 233). The promotion team could position the company as the excellent VCR that offers customers an exceptional television experience. The potential of the company surpasses the initiation of a novel product as it has the capacity to alter the routine of the way the people in the United Kingdom watch TV. As at this point, the company’s penetration has been tremendously restricted. Several customers do not know that it exists, and in this regard, the sales team is facing challenges in explaining the advantages of the products of the company. Furthermore, TiVo represented a fully new novel product that aimed at the enrichment of watching TV that was previously not in anybody’s list of priorities. In a bid to explain the benefits of TiVo’s products, the promotion team has taken into consideration application of dissimilar promotional sources for various reasons. Nevertheless, this move eradica tes the chances of delivering a constant message to every potential customer. In the absence of a constant message, there will be confusion amongst customers concerning what TiVo actually stands for. As TiVo advances, it is critical to enlarge its objectives past TV solutions to becoming the leading supplier of software expertise of optical media. This adjustment will translate into increases in customer consumption of media and assist in reflecting both a bigger market of potential as well as present customers (for instance, the ones who watch media just from computers in addition to other gadgets). In this regard, TiVo will permit for better understanding of TiVo’s increased dealings. For instance, TiVo offers the capacity to download pictures as well as other media into electronics. The present mission statement of TiVo fails to reveal such differentiation and is not extensive enough to include additional novelty. Any tactical aims referring to hardware or improvement ther eof will be erased and replaced with novel software invention (Hill and Jones 234). Finally, a proposed inclusion to the company’s business-level strategy could as well be to forge fresh tactical joint ventures. Tivo’s structure and management and the way they strengthen its strategy The value chain of the company recognises the unique mainstay effectiveness of sales and promotion, novelty, service, civilisation, and intellectual property protection. The critical roles of the value chain whether inward or outward logistics, in addition to roles are adequate. Nevertheless, the Department of Sales and Marketing (DSM) assumes the responsibility to form joint ventures and the effectiveness of the Marketing Department that are critical to TiVo. TiVo possesses a standard structure, by employing Broadcom as the only provider of the structure manager for the company’s DVR. TiVo does not presently have a lasting written provision accord with Broadcom. Additionally, the t wo lack a lasting provision accord with numerous other providers for major constituents in their value chain. In a bid to provide services associated with record administration, order accomplishment, and sales operations, Tivo relies fully on third parties (Hill and Jones 224). The failure to manage operations accurately in the company could bring about unwarranted risks to Tivo. The products of the company that have gained reputation include the original DVR provision with incomparable software, and their powerful image keeps on inspiring assurance in their merchandise. It is vital that promotion service keep on insisting on the company’s reputable icon. The support operations that are essential to TiVo include management, finance, and a powerful legal section that has been critical in defending the intellectual property of TiVo in the court cases. These court cases include the aforementioned one that TiVo had with EchoStar concerning patent infringement. The human resource management (HRM) of TiVo has been powerful in retaining a culture of novelty, upholding a research and development department that keeps on establishing additional attributes and practicality to the initial DVR expertise. A resource-anchored perspective of TiVo discloses concrete resources like sufficient money accounts and copyrights. The worker base of TiVo is strong, having a huge sum of experienced computer package experts as part of the personnel. The intangible assets of the company encompass a reputable brand name connected with recognition for excellence and service (Hill and Jones 234-236). TiVo bears a key organisational ability of a resilient kind, thus rejecting copyright violations while maintaining the support of every business operations. An assessment carried out in the company demonstrated that TiVo lacks a consistent competitive advantage. Nevertheless, with the termination of the court cases, TiVo will gradually attain a competitive advantage. Financial analysis R eturn on total assets (ROA) The ROA calculates the profit obtained on the deployment of assets. For TiVo, the ROA as at October 2006 is as follows: ROA= Net profit Total assets: ROA= $ 201,750 $ 28,244 ROA= 7 Liquidity Ratios The liquidity for TiVo is its capacity to satisfy short-term requirements. An asset is considered liquidity in case it can effortlessly be turned into cash. This case study looks into the current ratio for TiVo. Current ratio calculates the degree to which assets can be swiftly changed into cash to cover the claims of short-term creditors (Hill and Jones 227-232). Current ratio= Current assets Current liabilities: Current ratio= $117,427 $171,185 Current ratio= 1 Recommendations In a bid to retain a competitive advantage, get back market dominance, and expand its client base, TiVo has to establish new international markets, decrease expenditure on lawsuits, and obtain acquisition of smaller companies to boost its operations. TiVo must advance research and devel opment (RD) to maintain its international leadership status in software expertise, and create fresh internal ad external licensing accords for utilisation of its technology. TiVo should as well direct its corporate strategy on mainstay capability of software advancement to boost its technology TiVo should embark on promoting its brand and enlightening customers concerning the benefits of its products and services for additional development. In this regard, the company should hire trained personnel that can communicate in different languages to operate efficiently with organisations and clients across the globe. Responding to the inquiries of the clients using electronic mails and blogs could as well help in satisfying the requirements of customers. A decrease in the payment of the executives of the company is necessary as it could translate into decreased costs for the company’s products and services, which could lead to increased sales and thus motivate the employees in guar anteeing excellence. Hill, Charles, and Gareth Jones. Theory of strategic management with cases, Stamford: South-Western Cengage learning, 2009. Print.

Calculating cash flow and net present value (see paper for details) Assignment

Calculating cash flow and net present value (see paper for details) - Assignment Example From the presented case of the manufacturing organization, revenue outflows are the additional support costs of  £4K every year. Capital inflows refer to those incomes that are generated from other activities other than the normal trading of an entity. In the case of the manufacturing organization such capital inflows is the sale of machinery. On the other hand, revenue inflows are those incomes that are generated by an entity from its normal operations by selling goods or services. To establish the payback period, the cumulative cash flows was established, but from the above calculations, the manufacturing organization could not cover its initial investment costs of  £410K from the net cash flows it generates within a period of five years. It is also a discounted cash flow technique that uses the principle of NPV. It is individual investment’s rate of return when it is considered in isolation or independently of all other investments that the firm undertakes. It is that rate of return which is inherent or internal to the cash flow of a given project. It is the discounting or required rate of return that gives a zero NPV i.e. ∑PVs – I0 = 0 NPV. Internal rate of return is established through trial and error, interpolation, or extrapolation method. Through the trial and error, a rate of interest is selected at random and is used in the establishment of NPV of the cash flows. If the rate chosen gives a lower NPV than the cost, a lower rate is chosen and if the rate gives a greater NPV, a higher rate is chosen. The process continues until the final rate chosen gives a zero