Augustus Caesar Essay -- Classics Rome Emperor Essays

Augustus Caesar Works Cited Missing Augustus Caesar, the Rome's first obvious Emperor was the recorded figure who had the best effect upon the western world between the first light of development and the finish of the medieval times. Augustus Caesar (31B.C. - 14 A.D.) was initially named Gaius Octivian, the name Augustus was allowed by the Roman Senate, which implies eminent. The achievement of Augustus was he built up a genuine government, and during his rule, he reconstructed numerous structures to improve the Roman Empire, which included sanctuaries and streets with old style. He made an productive postal assistance that supported facilitated commerce among the locale. The spirit intensity of Augustus had set up him to appropriate the long remaining of Rome. Augustus Caesar didn't pick up his position without any problem. He was the received beneficiary of Julius Caesar, and he accomplished his position and held it without meeting with a similar destiny as his Uncle Julius Caesar. Augustus needed to carry the individuals to his side and win the help of the military so as to pick up his trust from the senate. He had raised his own military. In the mean time, a large number of the senate was against Imprint Antony, who was the correct hand man of Julius Caesar and furthermore needed to turn into the beneficiary. The pioneer of the senate, Cicero, figured it out Augustus was a valuable back street, requested Angustus to make war on Antony furthermore, constrained him to withdrew to Gaul, however Cicero neglected to do as such (Scarre, 17). Since during 43B.C. Augustus walked on Rome with his military, and constrained the senate to acknowledge him as a representative (Scarre, 17). Later on, Augustus met Antony and Lepidus and the three of them began to frame a triumvirate, which rejected the senate power. They separated three pieces of the Roman Empire. Antony took the east, Augustus took the west, and Lepidus away to Africa, since he was no long an equivalent accomplice (Scarre, 17). Augustus began to increase a few notoriety in the west; in the interim Antony had left and vanquished Egypt so as to pick up his prevalence. Sadly he wedded the sovereign of Egypt, Cleopatra, which was a dishonorable to Rome. Augustus raised his very own multitude to battle Antony. The fight occurred in Actium, what's more, Augustus won the fight. Likewise, Egypt was additionally vanquished by Augustus and it turned into another domain of Rome. Augustus' in general strategy was to keep the military foundation at the base ne... ... had brought individuals a superior living. Augustus built up a proficient postal assistance before the finish of his rule, which gave the Romans the bit of leeway to exchange unreservedly with different regions. In any case, the postal framework was just utilized for majestic use furthermore, not for open use. He make the postal administrations by picking a Chief of the Roads close to Rome, and their obligation was to release to the allocated pioneer for every trunk street, and did by dispatches positioned along the fundamental streets, which the messengers would answer questions identifying with the dispatches that he conveyed, performed the entire excursion, with changes of ponies, in a similar carriage (Homles, 35). Despite the fact that, the postal frameworks were just for majestic use, the letters that they composed were obligated. Augustus Caesar was a sole ruler during his rule; he remained in power for practically 50 years. He worked for the past and what's to come intentionally, carried harmony and thriving to the individuals previously and furthermore later on. Augustus progression was to control Rome in a astute way, without influencing the senate. After he passed on at the period of seventy-five, the individuals of the Roman Empire revered him as a divine being.

Business Forecasting Assignment Operations Essay

Business anticipating is the way toward reading chronicled execution to utilize the information picked up to extend future business conditions so choices can be made today that will help in the accomplishment of set up objectives. Determining assumes a urgent job in today’s unsure worldwide commercial center. Estimating is generally either subjective or quantitative, with each offering explicit points of interest and hindrances. Subjective and Quantitative Forecasting TechniquesForecasting can be ordered into subjective and quantitative. Subjective procedures are emotional or critical and depend on appraisals and sentiments. The Delphi procedure, a typical type of subjective determining, permits specialists to make a compelling figure under states of outrageous vulnerability. Time’s arrangement anticipating, a quantitative strategy, utilizes a measurable examination of past deals so as to adequately foresee future results, yet can be constrained under states of vulnerability (Chase, 2003, p.364). Business guaging can be utilized in a wide assortment of settings, and by a wide assortment of organizations. For instance, successful estimating can decide deals dependent on participation at a public expo, or the client interest for items and administrations (Business and Economic Forecasting, p.1). One of the most significant suspicions of business forecasters is that the past goes about as a significant guide for what's to come. Note that forecasters must think about various new data, including quickly changing monetary conditions and globalization, while making business conjectures dependent on past deals. Globalization and monetary lull has made organizations subject to a lot of vulnerability. In this season of fast change, economies overall change quickly, new markets open up and old ones change, and interest for items is frequently dubious. All things considered, organizations must be adaptable and versatile in the kinds of techniques that they use to conjecture future deals (Chase, 2003, p.472). In an ever-changing worldwide commercial center, associations are continually facing irregular and novel circumstances. It is in these circumstances that cutting edge techniques for business determining can be particularly helpful. Modernâ forecasting techniques are normally gathered into two primary classes: subjective strategies, and quantitative techniques. Subjective investigation incorporates the natural and information based methodology as examined before. The chief audits the entirety of the data accessible, and afterward makes an expected figure. Quantitative procedures are utilized for the most part when subjective data isn't accessible. Interestingly, subjective methods depend on an investigation of information (Namvar, 2000, p.8). Delphi Forecasting MethodQualitative anticipating strategies are: official board of trustees, the Delphi technique, and overviews of the business power, reviews of clients, authentic similarity, and statistical surveying. The goal of most Delphi applications is the solid and innovative investigation of thoughts or the creation of reasonable data for dynamic. The Delphi Method depends on an organized procedure for gathering and refining information from a gathering of specialists by methods for a progression of surveys mixed with controlled supposition input (Chase, 2003, P471). The Delphi technique is a variety of the official panel approach. However, the connection is backhanded, iterative and organized. The fundamental reason of Delphi technique is to recognize a gathering of specialists and every one of them are given a lot of inquiries or issues, and requested to react. After a given measure of time, the reactions are sent to an organizer or observing gathering that doesn't take part in the prior phases of the Delphi forms. This gathering at that point takes care of back the reactions to different individuals from the gathering, while failing to give away the personality of the reaction. The specialists are then approached to react once more, in the wake of checking on the reactions of different respondents. This procedure may proceed until an agreement is reached among the gathering. The gathering might be joined to shape a last accord (Namvar, 2000, p.8). Time Series Forecasting MethodTime arrangement procedures are the most well known quantitative technique. These procedures utilize factual strategies for anticipating from verifiable information. Quantitative methods are favored when fitting information are accessible. The fundamental supposition that will be that the recorded example will proceed into what's to come. The two fundamental kinds of time arrangement anticipating are normal smoothing and exponential smoothing. The moving normal is essentially aâ series of number-crunching midpoints. Anticipating deals for one year from now is straightforward. The real deals for a specific number of years is included, and afterward separated by the quantity of years used to get the moving normal. A weighted moving normal is acquired by allotting a particular load to earlier years. The whole of all loads must approach one. Ongoing years are given a higher weight (Namvar, 2000, p.13). Exponential smoothing is just a subtype of the weighted moving normal. Another estimate is a weighted total of real factors (typically deals) in the present year and the weighted figure of the variable for that period. It has the benefit of being generally simple to process. Interestingly the moving normal strategy is snappy, modest, and simple to utilize, yet doesn't effectively consider varieties dependent on occasional impacts and cycles (Namvar, 2000, p.14). Both the Delphi procedure and Time arrangement guaging are important determining apparatuses in the correct situation. The Delphi strategy is helpful for momentary estimates. This capacity is dependent upon the nature of specialists with explicit issues (Namvar, 2000, p.8). One of the serious issues with the Delphi procedure, similarly as with all other subjective strategies, is distinguishing acceptable representatives to frame master conclusions and decisions, and afterward getting these specialists to concede to a figure (Namvar, 2000, p.9). Given the impediments of subjective methods, quantitative anticipating is normally favored where there is sufficient past information (Namvar, 2000, p.12). In states of vulnerability, the Delphi strategy offers an incredible arrangement adaptability. Utilizing the Delphi strategy, specialists in a field can frequently go to an imaginative and canny agreement. Interestingly, time arrangement guaging might be less valuable under states of outrageous vulnerability as a result of its subjective nature. At the point when new conditions emerge, it might be hard to anticipate future deals dependent on past deals when conditions were increasingly sure. Along these lines, the Delphi strategy is regularly a progressively significant apparatus for business anticipating during states of vulnerability. Firstlogic Inc., The Company produces data quality and postal computerization programming that assists organizations with guaranteeing the information they are putting away furthermore, adding to their corporate databases is perfect, exact and dependable. In excess of 6,000 clients around the globe use Firstlogic items. (www.firstlogic.com). The ongoing worldwide monetary lull and expanded vulnerability in numerous aspects of business, have made associations reexamine their needs and procedures. Like some other organizations, My organization had to glance well ahead so as to design their speculations, dispatch new items and administrations, devise better approaches to create and use human capital, etc. Every single key choice identified with these exercises are gotten from a business estimate, which is the most basic and troublesome territory of the administration. Estimating can permit organizations to anticipate deals, and along these lines decide a wide assortment of operational expense. Firstlogic intensely depends on quantitative strategies for business guaging dependent on a few elements like level of precision, speculation choices, time skyline to figure, capital venture choice, item changes, style, quality, value changes, work issues, accessible information and data and position of items throughout its life cycle to estimate the future deals. Firstlogic use data on past deals and times to help decide interest for items and administrations, adequately anticipating the particular items/benefits that would discharge to advertise at a given point in time. In spite of the viability of quantitative anticipating devices, the organization has had less accomplishment with these techniques in transient gauges. Given the high level of vulnerability in today’s commercial center, subjective estimating strategies like the Delphi strategy may help Firstlogic to better-conjecture future deals. End Taking everything into account, business anticipating techniques must be utilized so as to fit current states of vulnerability. Delphi procedure and time arrangement estimating both are significant guaging instruments when utilized in the correct condition. The Delphi strategy is helpful for momentary estimates; consequently, it is frequently a progressively important apparatus for business determining during states of vulnerability. References Business and Economic Forecasting. Recovered November 4, 2005, fromhttp://www.sbeusers.csuhayward.edu/~acassuto/econ3551/rundown/chapter6.ht

Overview of a Technology based Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Diagram of a Technology based Company - Essay Example ter this, Hewlett †Packard had the option to form into making electronic instruments for the US government, explicitly dependent on requirements for structures and security. It was during the 1940s that there was significant development inside the association and prompted constant extension. By 1947, more than 39 items were offered through the organization, all dependent on new advancements with hardware. In 1957, HP turned into a traded on an open market organization and was recorded on the stock trade for $16 per share. The organization was recorded under the business of gadgets in the stock trade. By 1959, the organization had incorporated with a worldwide company with radio hardware and electronically tried data originating from the base in California, yet additionally moving into zones, for example, Germany and Switzerland. The principle approach now was to test and create various limits in hardware with a few commercial centers and branches. For example, clinical instruments, examination and more up to date advancements were completely included into the business. In 1966, HP built up the primary PC utilized by the organization, trailed by logical adding machines and other office type electronic supplies that additional into the fundamental gadgets of HP. Today, HP keeps on including extra electronic gadgets, running from a portion of the more current choices in electronic gadget s to starting parts that have kept on creating through the start of the partnership. There are three primary branches that are a piece of HP, including individual frameworks for PCs, versatile registering and workstations, the imaging and printing gathering and the undertaking business administrations, which comprises of business items, stockpiling, servers and endeavor programming (HP, 2010). The corporate goals of the organization depend on advancement and gadgets. The main corporate goal is client dependability. The primary concentration inside this is to create a few sorts of hardware that have quality and worth, which permits a few of the clients to return for more up to date

Intercultural Communication Essay - 275 Words

Intercultural Communication (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionCourseDateIntercultural CommunicationIntercultural Communication is a concept that has been subjected to debate for many years. According to Scott Kiesling's study, community speech involves the set rules and interpretation of expression in a given community. It involves people who share similar norms and regulations within a community set up. The Kuna tribe and the North American fraternity are both speech communities, but they are quite different.Social integration is an influential factor in defining the speech community and the participants. For instance, in sporting activities, people may use a particular language in communication. The choice of the language does not mean that all the participants are bound to the same language. All languages have their recognizable ways of speaking.Speech event can help in defining Speech acts in a community. For example, in conversations new terms can be borrowed from a different language. In the Kuna gathering i nvolved integration of two cultures. The two cultures have little in common. The speech events help to bring out the common aspects they have in common. The gathering of the Kuna shows that in the same community there exist disparities in language communication.In addition, the fraternity meetings act as the social life of students. The members of the fraternity live like brothers. Although these members live as brothers, there exist diverse culture and cultural communication among themselves. Fraternity members organize themselves into smaller groups with the same speech community. However, some informal groups within the same fraternity may share the sam... Intercultural Communication Essay - 275 Words Intercultural Communication (Essay Sample) Content: Insert nameLecturers nameCourseDateIntercultural communicationQ 1. Similarities and differences between members of the same cultural groupVarious communities across the world have different cultures, beliefs as well as tradition. However, each community can be holding different perception from another community in relation to their culture and feel. However, each member of a particular community adjusts differently to cultural influence in the society. For instance, the Muslim culture is one that has the majority of followers across the entire world but they have varied perception in relation to culture, tradition as well as believe. From my region of my residence, I have Muslim friends, and others are residing in my neighborhood.Their significant similarities as a Muslim community are that they both share the same religion and believe. In addition, they read the same Curran as their holy book. Moreover, they worship the same day and follow the same procedure o f activities carried out by the Muslim community all across the world. Moreover, Muslims community does not eat pork because they believe that pigs were cursed long time, and this makes them view it like a demon. In addition, they have a substantial unity and brotherhood, this unity is bonded when they are still young as they attend once or twice a week lessons called Madrasa. Their dressing mode is also similar across the world that has different meanings. For instance, Muslims girls cover their face leaving only the nose and mouth meaning indicating youthfulness. Their women wear the long dresses covering the entire body as a pure with respect.However, the Muslim community has diversified cultural beliefs as well as communication. For instance, some Muslims communities believe that when a member dies in a Jihad death, they go to heaven that is not true to some of them (Cai). Some of them also think that killing people is not a sin, and they take it so lightly, but the same act is strongly condemned in some Muslim communities for example terrorism. However, the two communities still exist and hold their culture strongly because of Curran, which they hold as their primary simple of unity.Q.2The two intercultural tactics that let to ineffective cross-cultural communication include;Monism and relativismMonism states that the right to one's culture produces ethnocentrism. That is; it majorly base on the views of that specific persons culture. In the film, Detectives Waters and Ria are seen arriving at the place of a shootout between two drivers. Whereby the surviving shooter is a white male while the dead killer is a black man, both are undercover police officers. When the detectives report the matter, they dont want the large amount of cash that is found in the officer's trunk to be mentioned. In addition to that, it is the third time the white officer has killed a black man without any action taken.Relativism on the other hand usually calls for toleranc e for diversity of the culture as it generates tolerance ...

Homo Erectus Colonization in Europe

Geoarchaeologists working on the coast of the North Sea of Britain at Pakefield in Suffolk, England have discovered artifacts suggesting that our human ancestor Homo erectus arrived in northern Europe much earlier than previously thought. Homo Erectus in England According to an article published in Nature on December 15, 2005, an international team led by Simon Parfitt of the Ancient Human Occupation of Britain  (AHOB) project has discovered 32 pieces of black flint debitage, including a core and retouched flake, in alluvial sediments dated to about 700,000 years ago. These artifacts represent the debris created by flintknapping, the manufacture of a stone tool, possibly for butchering purposes. The flint chips were recovered from four separate places within the channel fill deposits of a stream bed which in-filled during the inter-glacial period of the Early Pleistocene. This means that the artifacts were what archaeologists call out of primary context. In other words, fill in stream channels comes from soils moved downstream from other places. The occupation site—the site where the flintknapping took place—may be just a little upstream, or quite a ways upstream, or may, in fact, have been completely destroyed by movements o f the stream bed. Nevertheless, the location of the artifacts in this old channel bed does mean that the artifacts must be at least as old as the channel fill; or, according to researchers, at least 700,000 years ago. The Oldest Homo Erectus The oldest known Homo erectus site outside of Africa is Dmanisi, in the Republic of Georgia, dated to approximately 1.6 million years ago. Gran Dolina in the Atapuerca valley of Spain includes evidence of Homo erectus at 780,000 years ago. But the earliest known Homo erectus site in England prior to the discoveries at Pakefield is Boxgrove, only 500,000 years old. The Artifacts The artifact assemblage, or rather assemblages since they were in four separate areas, include a core fragment with several hard-hammer percussion flakes removed from it and a retouched flake. A core fragment is the term used by archaeologists to mean the original hunk of stone from which flakes were removed. Hard hammer means the flintknappers used a rock to bang on the core to get flattish, sharp-edged chips called flakes. Flakes produced in this manner may be used as tools, and a retouched flake is a flake that shows evidence of this use. The rest of the artifacts are unretouched flakes. The tool assemblage is probably not Acheulean, which includes handaxes, but is characterized in the article as Mode 1. Mode 1 is a very old, simple technology of flakes, pebble tools, and choppers made with hard hammer percussion. Implications Since at the time England was connected to Eurasia by a land bridge, the Pakefield artifacts dont imply that Homo erectus needed boats to get to the North Sea coastline. Neither does it imply that Homo erectus originated in Europe; the oldest Homo erectus are found at Koobi Fora, in Kenya, where a long history of earlier hominin ancestors is also known. Interestingly, the artifacts from the Pakefield site also do not imply that Homo erectus adapted to a cooler, chillier climate; during the time period in which the artifacts were deposited, the climate in Suffolk was balmier, closer to the Mediterranean climate traditionally considered the climate of choice for Homo erectus. Homo erectus or heidelbergensis? The Nature article merely says early man, referring to either Homo erectus or Homo heidelbergensis. Basically, H. heidelbergensis is still very enigmatic, but may be a transitional stage between H. erectus and modern humans or a separate species. There are no hominid remains recovered from Pakefield as of yet, so the people who lived at Pakefield may have been either one. Resources and Further Reading Parfitt, Simon L. The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe. Nature 438, Renà © W. Barendregt, Marzia Breda, et al., Nature, December 14, 2005. Roebroeks, Wil. Life on the Costa del Cromer. Nature 438, Nature, December 14, 2005. An unsigned article in British Archaeology titled Hunting for the first humans in Britain and dated 2003 describes the work of AHOB. The December 2005 issue of British Archaeology has an article on the findings. Thanks to members of BritArch for their additions.

The Dual Legacies Of Discrimination Against Ethnic...

movement. The dual legacies of discrimination against ethnic minorities and the country’s uneven economic development have created strong support in non-Persian areas for political reform. During recent presidential elections, the non-Persian electorate tilted heavily toward the reformist wing. Support for democratic political change among Iran’s ethnic minorities is likely to persist so long as the country’s periphery remains an economic backwater. Although the Iranian economy has been growing, the symptoms of underdevelopment remain acute in Iran’s ethnic enclaves. Discrimination, compounded by poor economic conditions, could motivate ethnic groups to challenge the Iranian government in the future. A combination of state-sponsored suppression of Azeri sentiment (during the Pahlavi rule) and a massive integration movement toward the Iranian mainstream (under the Islamic regime) has prevented the rise of ethnic nationalism in the northwest. As a result, th ere has been the crystallization of an overarching sense of Iranian nationalism, which has been skillfully manipulated and intertwined with allegiance to the tenets of Shi‘i Islam, which makes a universal devotion to Iranian national identity possible. The bloody past with the Arabs, Iran’s historic enemy, cemented the feeling of Iranian Iran Ethnic Conflicts 10 nationalism that was able to overshadow ethnic nationalism across the nascent Islamic Republic. Iranian ethnic groups united in the face of an Arab invasionShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD AllenRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pageslive longer GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2010 Contents Business review P08–P57 Governance and remuneration P58–P101 Financial statements P102–P191 Shareholder information P192–P212 Business review 2010 Performance overview Research and development Pipeline summary Products, competition and intellectual property Regulation Manufacturing and supply World market GSK sales performance Segment reviews Responsible business Financial review 2010 Financial position and resources Financial reviewRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesCongress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, Fourth Edition Lois Mai Chan Developing Library and Information Center Collections, Fifth Edition G. Edward Evans and Margaret Zarnosky Saponaro Metadata and Its Impact on Libraries Sheila S. Intner, Susan S. Lazinger, and Jean Weihs Organizing Audiovisual and Electronic Resources for Access: A Cataloging Guide, Second Edition Ingrid Hsieh-Yee Introduction to Cataloging and Classification, Tenth Edition Arlene G. Taylor LIbRaRy and InfoRMaTIonRead MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesis the process of aggressive selling and promotion to encourage the purchase of products that might otherwise be unsought by the consumer Answer: C Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 5) ________ goods constitute the bulk of most countries production and marketing efforts. A) Durable B) Impulse C) Physical D) Luxury E) Intangible Answer: C Page Ref: 5 Objective: 2 Difficulty: Easy 6) As economies advance, a growing proportion of their activities focuses on the production

Study Questions free essay sample

Answer each question fully. Complete sentences are not necessary, but some questions may require more than one sentence to answer them fully. Lesson 1 (4. 0 points) 1. What is the best method for touch typing using a QWERTY keyboard? (1. 0 points)home row method. 2. Which two keys can delete text when theyre pressed? (1. 0 points)Backspace and delete. 3. What are at least two things you can do to improve your keyboarding skills? (2. 0 points)Practice frequently, and make sure your fingers type the right keys theyre assigned to. Lesson 2 (5. 0 points) 1. What is freeware? (1. 0 points)A software that you dont have to pay to use. 2. Writer is what type of software program? (1. 0 points)Open Office 3. Where does a file extension appear? (1. 0 points)At the end of the file name. 4. What is the file extension of a Writer file? (1. 0 points)odt. 5. On an envelope, where should you put the return address? (1. 0 points)Upper left corner. Lesson 3 (5. God’s purpose was deliberate not a byproduct. His purpose was to provide a place for man. Whereas, the Babylonian version has depicted that man was created to serve them. God is depicted to be magnanimous and the Babylonian gods to be greedy and selfish. The similarities between the two presentations of the cosmic beginnings are thus; the world and man were created. The J account is similar in order of creation to that of the Babylonian. 3. ) What levels of meaning can be found in Genesis 2. 4-3. 24? The levels of meaning that can be discerned from Genesis 2. 4-3. 24 are the origins of how and from what man was created. Upon creation of man God establishes the hierarchy (God/man/animals). The verses tell of how man was lonely and God created woman. Outlined is the bond between man and woman and what the expectations are of a husband and wife at the time of entering marriage. Reflected upon are the concepts of sin, temptation, choice, and good versus evil. The passages also bring to light the subjects of disobedience and consequences for one’s actions. Also, revealed in the text is the location of the Garden of Eden. The rivers named provide landmarks and a geological location. Once again, God’s might is established by His actions to create life and establish laws that govern man. 4. )Compare the two accounts of creation in Genesis 1-3. What are the differences in order, style and vocabulary? In the two comparisons of creation depicted in Genesis 1-3 there are several accounts that differentiate. P is written in a manner that tells all of creation step by step and how God did it. P focuses on God being omniscient and creation. J is written in a folklore manner. It focuses on the human view of creation, mainly, the moral and psychological aspects. P shows God in a celestial view, whereas J shows Him to be more human and fallible, that man’s relationship with God is troubled. The sequence of creation differs also. P is written in a manner that supports one part was created to support another part, to sustain life. However, J‘s cornerstone of creation is that one aspect was created because of the other (i. e. , man, animals, then woman). The wording of J and P are altered also. P refers to the Almighty’s name as God. J lists his name as YHWH and refers to Him as the Lord God. J also reverses phrases which changes the focus and therefore making the phrase and meaning more down-to-earth. 5. )How did the biblical writers make use of ancient Near Eastern mythology in their accounts of creation? The biblical writers made use of ancient Near Eastern mythology in several ways. The mythology/fables of the ancient text are often aligned with that of the biblical scripture. However, the text of the two sources also conflict. Both accounts of creations give contribute to a deity. Ancient mythology gives credit to gods and goddesses who are often written to be in battle or conflict and the end result is creation, whereas, Biblical writers give all credit to God. The theologies, mythology, and biblical accounts, give explanations that begin with contingent events that make creation its outcome. Both accounts characterize chaos before the creation. The two versions agree on the chronological order of creation. The Sabbath day is original to Biblical text even through its origins are obscure. There has been no distinct text for Near Eastern mythology that contradicts the Biblical tale. Chapter 4 1. )What are the data that led scholars to arrive at the Documentary Hypothesis? How does the Documentary Hypothesis explain this data? The argument over the material that is comprised of the first five books of the Bible and that Moses was the author is speculated to be hypothetical. The data that led scholars to arrive at the Documentary Hypothesis points out that there is no evidentiary support or documentation to back up the information claimed in the first five books. The Documentary Hypothesis includes repetition, shows similarities, reflects inconsistences, and denotes contradictions. The data that supports the Documentary Hypothesis are four source documents, called J (Yahwist), E (Elohist), D (Deuteronomic), and P (Priestly). The main inconsistency that gives rise to the isolation of different sources of Genesis was the deviation of God’s name before the time of Moses. This enabled scholars to identify the other characteristics and single them out. 2. )What are the principle characteristics and themes of the four documents or sources? The principal characteristic of the J source are that it has anthropomorphic ways. God appears to be friendly and forth coming towards man. The main theme found is the ternary promise made to Abraham of land, descendants, and blessings. J source is considered to be the greatest of all the sources because it can be read almost continuously in its narrative. The primary characteristic found in the E source is that God is referred to as being remote. His contact with man is made through their dreams or by divine messengers. E source has a convoluted theme due to its fragmented nature. The third source, D, has a primary characteristic that reflects contradiction. For the name of the mountain of revelation it lists Horeb instead of Sinai. This source’s theme is the emphasis on prophecy. The last of the four documents is P. This document implies that God is absolute but remote. He does not appear, but is referred to manifest in his â€Å"glory†. P’s theme places emphasis on religious observance and rituals. Also, it outlines dietary concerns and the practice of circumcision. 3. )What are the principle themes of the J and P sources of Genesis 4-11? How do they differ, and how are they similar? The main themes that can be discerned from Genesis 4-11 from the J and P sources are that the J source is the threefold promise made to Abraham of land, descendants, and blessings, whereas the P source’s theme is the emphasis on prophecy, but includes genealogy, numbers, dates and laws. The difference between J source and the P source is that they portray God in opposite spectrums. J shows God to be â€Å"humanlike† in his ways. P source implies that God is absolute but remote. He does not appear at all. While J reveals the covenant with Abraham, P has a series of covenants. The sources are also differentiated by their accounts of creation. The chronological sequence differs. J portrays the event from folklore like perspective. P tells that the event happened in a grand sequence. The sources are similar in the aspect that they lay foundations. J relates to the origins of mankind. P has the order and system by which we identify religious rites and observances. Both sources list genealogies and accounts of the flood. . )How are these themes connected with the accounts of creation in Genesis 1-3? The J and P sources are connected with the accounts of creation in Genesis 1-3 by the following themes; the condition of the world before creation, the sequence of creation, the manner of creation, and how God is viewed. In either version, P or J, it explains how the Almighty creates a world and brings to life its inha bitants from complete and utter chaos. Both chronicles, even though they differ in the order, show how God is responsible for the creation and that He is the top of the hierarchy. The manner in which He created either by word or act, still reflects back to show that He is all powerful. J relates to the origins of mankind. P relates to the law. In Genesis 1-3, God is setting the stage of how he wants man to view Him, He is absolute, and what laws/rituals He wants man to follow. P and J vastly differ on how God is viewed. One account shows Him as transcendent, the other as more human. Either way they reflect Him as the one and only God. Chapter 5 1. )What are the principle themes of J, E, and P in Genesis 12-50? The principal theme for J in Genesis 12-50 is the three-fold promise of land, decedents, and blessings. The theme for E is that is places importance on the land (sanctuary) for Abraham and is decedents. The theme for the P source shows the progression history through the genealogy of Abraham’s line. All themes are tied together by the primary promise which is back by evidentiary support from the other verses. God continuously blesses Abraham and his descendants as long as they follow His commands and the Lord stays pleased with them. God blesses Abraham with sons. Each of those sons, Ishmael and Isaac, he creates nations from both. Ishmael begot the twelve tribes and Isaac begot the decedents of the land of Israel, hence, the birth of the Muslims and the Jews. 2. )Does the Documentary Hypothesis fully explain the questions of similar stories in Genesis 12-50? Why or why not? The Documentary Hypothesis is only able to explain partially why the stories are similar. Formed criticism gives credence to the why of the Documentary Hypothesis with its explanation of an etiological narrative. The passages of Genesis 12-50 strive to define Abraham’s geology, the geographical location in which it took place, and establish religious customs. However, the reason it does not fully explain why the stories are similar/repetitious can be accredited to the tribes that were closely associated with Abraham and his sons, but not in close communication with one another and did not ally until later. Another reason given was the fact that it may have been done to reiterate the preservation of traditions, and methods of how they were passed from generation to generation. 3. )What kinds of analysis can be used to further understanding of these passages and their relationships to each other? The passages of Genesis 12-50 are passages that center on the patriarchs, matriarchs, and their offspring. The verses tell through Abraham and his descendants the blessings of God and His plan for his people. It reflects that God is in communication with His chosen. The analysis of the passages shows two themes that occur. The first theme is God’s plan being realized by testing and guiding His followers. Then end result was the establishment of Israel. The second theme that is brought to light is of exile and return. This theme is important and plays a role throughout the Bible. It depicts the Lord’s displeasure with man’s disobedience. It also gives insight to the trials and tribulations one must endure to become closer to God. 4. )How do the passages contribute to the larger narrative of genesis? The passages of Genesis 12-50 contribute to the larger narrative of Genesis due to the interaction between God and man. The verses reveal that God has a plan. He keeps His promises, and He communicates with man. In Genesis 1-3 God lays the foundation of the world. As the chapters unfold God’s plan is revealed. The scripture of Genesis 12-50 tells disobedience by man and the resulting consequence of expulsion. This reiterates the disobedience and expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Also, they reflect that when His chosen do as He asks He favors them and gives them guidance. The passages show different methods of how God can commune with us. Genesis 12-50 shows that He appeared in dreams, divine deity’s, and directly. 5. )Discuss the importance of the Ugaritic texts for understanding both the ancestral narratives and the religion of the ancestors. The Ugaritic texts give us insight into the Canaanite religion. The text is told in epic tales and myths. The Ugaritic text is important because it sheds light on the surroundings, ways of life, and practices that took place during the era in which the Hebrew Bible was written. The discovery of the text enlightened scholars to the religion of ancient Israel. What was known of the Canaanite religion at the time of discovery was vastly transformed. An example of the similarities between the text and the Hebrew Bible is the procedure of circumcisions which reflects the writings and commands of God. In the text Yahweh refers to himself as El. , which was the Canaanite God of Abraham and his descendants. 6. )Discuss the theme of the exile and return in the book of Genesis. The theme of exile and return in the book of Genesis is first set in Genesis 1-11 with the expulsion of man from the Garden of Eden. It plays a significant role throughout the following chapters. In Genesis 12-50 the exile and return lead up to the climatic Exodus with Moses. The theme of exile and return is a recurrent subject matter between the geographical sites of Egypt, Israel, and Mesopotamia. On a grander scale, the theme of exile and return in the book of Genesis is setting the stage for God’s plan to set His people free from oppression and to the promise land through Moses. One point of view shows that exile and return as a consequence of action. Another view is that it is a necessary sufferance to bring about God’s plan.